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The role of nutrition in integrated programs to control neglected tropical diseases
Andrew Hall, Yaobi Zhang, Chad MacArthur, Shawn Baker
BMC Medicine , 2012, DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-41
Abstract: The fundamental basis of the relationship between an infectious organism and its host is nutritional because the host is the source of all nutrients needed by the organism for maintenance, growth, and reproduction [1]. But the impact of obligate parasites on the nutritional status of a host is not due just to a requirement for nutrients, it is due mainly to the host's responses to infection which lead to an increased metabolic rate, loss of appetite, immune responses, and pathological changes in tissues [2]. Although some of these reactions may be protective to a degree during acute infection, during repeated or chronic infection they can cause the host to become undernourished, especially if the diet is already poor. Undernutrition also increases susceptibility to infection and increases the severity of disease which can lead to a downward spiral of increasing undernutrition and repeated or persistent disease. In this opinion article we argue that breaking out of that spiral requires not just treating disease but treating undernutrition as well, and that nutrition needs to become an important component of integrated programs to control neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).The relatively new classification by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 17 diseases as 'NTDs' includes eight that are caused by at least 23 species of parasitic worms or helminths [3]. The five NTDs of major interest for control efforts listed in Table 1 (intestinal worms, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trachoma) have been identified because of the large numbers of people infected, but mainly because there are safe, inexpensive, single-dose drugs to treat them by mass chemotherapy [4]. The hope is to make drugs available free or at a very low cost and deliver them in 'community directed treatment' using a model developed during onchocerciasis control programs [5] or by school teachers to their pupils [6,7]. Mass treatment serves also to decrease transmission by killin
Control of neglected tropical diseases needs a long-term commitment
Yaobi Zhang, Chad MacArthur, Likezo Mubila, Shawn Baker
BMC Medicine , 2010, DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-67
Abstract: Success in controlling these neglected tropical diseases has been achieved in a number of countries in recent history. Experience from these successes suggests that long-term sustainable control of these diseases requires: (1) a long-term commitment from a wider range of donors and from governments of endemic countries; (2) close partnerships of donors, World Health Organization, pharmaceutical industries, governments of endemic countries, communities, and non-governmental developmental organisations; (3) concerted action from more donor countries to provide the necessary funds, and from the endemic countries to work together to prevent cross-border disease transmission; (4) comprehensive control measures for certain diseases; and (5) strengthened primary healthcare systems as platforms for the national control programmes and capacity building through implementation of the programmes.The current level of funding for the control of neglected tropical diseases has never been seen before, but it is still not enough to scale up to the 2 billion people in all endemic countries. While more donors are sought, the stakeholders must work in a coordinated and harmonised way to identify the priority areas and the best delivery approaches to use the current funds to the maximum effect. Case management and other necessary control measures should be supported through the current major funding streams in order to achieve the objectives of the control of these diseases. For a long-term and sustainable effort, control of neglected tropical diseases should also be integrated into national primary healthcare systems.A group of chronic and debilitating conditions, caused by parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections, is defined as the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) [1,2]. These NTDs are the most prevalent diseases in the poorest populations in the world, putting an estimated 2.7 billion people at risk [3]. They cause blindness (for example, onchocerciasis and trachoma) [4-7], disfi
Using the United States Wind Turbine Database to Identify Increasing Turbine Size, Capacity and Other Development Trends  [PDF]
Chad Walker
Energy and Power Engineering (EPE) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/epe.2020.127025
Abstract: The purpose of this article was to analyze data associated with advances in wind energy across the United States. While governments, academia, and the private sector generally know patterns of wind turbine development (i.e. turbine size and capacity growing in recent years), there is no known independent, reliable, and/or updated summary of these variables. Using data collected by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and partners, this study used descriptive statistics to show turbine development and growth patterns from 1981-2019. The newly created United States Wind Turbine Database (USWTDB) represents the most comprehensive account of wind turbine information and was updated in January 2020. Variables I am interested in here are turbine manufacturer, state of project, turbine and project capacity, and turbine size. Findings provide empirical evidence to support the common, yet previously unrefined statements that wind turbines are growing larger in number, size and capacity. This growth is varied over spatial and temporal scales. I also provide evidence to show patterns of turbine manufacturing, with GE Wind dominating much of the US wind energy landscape today. I hope this work provides a timely resource for those interested in a variety of questions surrounding wind energy development in the United States. Perhaps more importantly, this analysis will hopefully inspire others to use what the USWTDB provides and answer larger questions surrounding wind energy futures.
Generation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by a Nonintegrating RNA Sendai Virus Vector in Feeder-Free or Xeno-Free Conditions
Chad C. MacArthur,Andrew Fontes,Namritha Ravinder,David Kuninger,Jasmeet Kaur,Matthew Bailey,Antje Taliana,Mohan C. Vemuri,Pauline T. Lieu
Stem Cells International , 2012, DOI: 10.1155/2012/564612
Abstract: The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells has enabled the possibility of providing unprecedented access to patient-specific iPSC cells for drug screening, disease modeling, and cell therapy applications. However, a major obstacle to the use of iPSC for therapeutic applications is the potential of genomic modifications caused by insertion of viral transgenes in the cellular genome. A second concern is that reprogramming often requires the use of animal feeder layers and reagents that contain animal origin products, which hinder the generation of clinical-grade iPSCs. Here, we report the generation of iPSCs by an RNA Sendai virus vector that does not integrate into the cells genome, providing transgene-free iPSC line. In addition, reprogramming can be performed in feeder-free condition with StemPro hESC SFM medium and in xeno-free (XF) conditions. Generation of an integrant-free iPSCs generated in xeno-free media should facilitate the safe downstream applications of iPSC-based cell therapies. 1. Introduction Takahashi and Yamanaka first demonstrated that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells by transducing four transcription factors using retroviral vectors [1, 2]. This breakthrough in creating induced pluripotent stem cells opened the door for personalized medicine using patient-derived iPSCs [3–6]. The major limitation for potential clinical application is the integration of viral transgenes into the host genome that can result in multiple insertions and risk of tumorigenicity [7, 8]. Another major disadvantage of reprogramming cells with integrating vectors is that silencing and activation of transgenes are unpredictable, which may affect terminal differentiation potential and increase the risk of using iPSC-derived cells. Multiple methods have been developed to address these issues, including reprogramming with episomal vectors, mRNAs, miRNAs, protein transduction, or treatment with chemical compounds [9]. The majority of these methods has one or more limitations, such as low reprogramming efficiency or requiring multiple rounds of transfections, or is effective only with specific cell types, such as skin fibroblasts. We have previously shown that sustained expression of reprogramming factors is required for at least 10–20 days [10], and often these reprogramming methods fail to sustain expression and are difficult to repeat. Further, due to poor efficiency of existing methods, reprogramming often has been performed in the presence of animal feeders (inactivated mouse embryonic
Women, New Music and the Composition of Becomings
Sally Macarthur
Cultural Studies Review , 2010,
Abstract: This article argues that ‘new’ music continues to replicate itself by being based on a set of outdated, inflexible practices which foster the centrality of the male, entrepreneurial, composing subject. Aesthetic distinctiveness has been muzzled because too many composers are competing for the same recognition and the same small ‘pot of money’, giving rise to musical mediocrity. The article notes that while the number of women composers studying music has increased in tertiary music institutions and points out that their representation by the Australian Music Centre has improved significantly over the past decade, these statistics are not reflected in the concert hall where women continue to be side-lined. It argues that the entrepreneurial performer is focused on the products created out of the already known and out of its masculinity and explores what would happen if music were composed out of its femininity and the unknown. It draws on Deleuze’s concept of ‘becoming’ to disturb the old ways of thinking, and to imagine a transformation of music practice which would make viable that music which has been traditionally silenced.
Women, new music and the composition of becomings
Macarthur, Sally
Cultural Studies Review , 2010,
Abstract: This article argues that ‘new’ music continues to replicate itself by being based on a set of outdated, inflexible practices which foster the centrality of the male, entrepreneurial, composing subject. Aesthetic distinctiveness has been muzzled because too many composers are competing for the same recognition and the same small ‘pot of money’, giving rise to musical mediocrity. The article notes that while the number of women composers studying music has increased in tertiary music institutions and points out that their representation by the Australian Music Centre has improved significantly over the past decade, these statistics are not reflected in the concert hall where women continue to be side-lined. It argues that the entrepreneurial performer is focused on the products created out of the already known and out of its masculinity and explores what would happen if music were composed out of its femininity and the unknown. It draws on Deleuze’s concept of ‘becoming’ to disturb the old ways of thinking, and to imagine a transformation of music practice which would make viable that music which has been traditionally silenced.
Review: Engaging and developing front
Juliet MacArthur
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/1744987118809198
Abstract:
Putnam, Pragmatism and the Fate of Metaphysics
Macarthur, David
- , 2008,
Abstract: Sa？etak Putnam has called for a renewal of philosophy by invoking the names of Wittgenstein and Dewey, both strong critics of traditional metaphysics. In the light of his own attacks on various forms of metaphysics (e.g. metaphysical realism, the fact/ value distinction), one question that arises is this: what is the fate of metaphysics in Putnam’s vision of philosophy? The present paper explores this question by reading Putnam as committed to a broadly pragmatist approach to metaphysics exemplified in different ways by James and Dewey. I end by providing several different ways of understanding Putnam’s claim that “there is a sense in which it is the task of philosophy to overcome metaphysics and a sense in which its task is to continue metaphysical discussion”
Food Choice Behaviour of Chinese Consumers in Shenyang, Liaoning Province  [PDF]
Roseline Love MacArthur, Yuehua Wang, Xuqiao Feng
Modern Economy (ME) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/me.2015.69088
Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate consumers’ use of nutrition claims and to determine the food choice behaviour of Chinese consumers based on the nutrient content of packaged foods. A cross-sectional descriptive research approach was followed. Combined stratified and random sampling methods were used to select 400 adult literate consumers involved in packaged food purchases from international chain supermarkets and other popular shops in Shenyang in Liaoning Province, North-East of China. Data were collected with questionnaires and analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that none of the respondents could interpret “salt free”, only 6.0% understood “reduced sugar” and 70% were sceptical about such claims. A total of 53.8% and 64.4% of the respondents neither understood the term or knew their RDA respectively, even though familiarity with these had implication for food consumption. Respondents’ use of information on calorie (Mean = 3.003, Std. Dev. = 1.248), sugar (Mean = 3.151, Std. Dev. = 1.175) and fat (Mean = 3.175, Std. Dev. = 1.202) content affected their food choices “sometimes” while salt content “rarely” (Mean = 2.803, Std. Dev. = 1.193) did. While the highest level education showed no significance, health status was significantly and negatively correlated with low-calorie (r = ?0.094, p < 0.01) and low-salt (r = ?0.083, p < 0.05) food choices. Taste influenced the choice of biscuits/cookies, which normally had high amount of fat, sugar and/or salt. The findings suggested a low nutrition labelling awareness even though majority of the respondents were well educated. Misconception and scepticism about label claims and value placed on taste could lead to over consumption of the negative nutrients from packaged foods. Consumer education and enforcement of claims on calorie, fat, sugar and salt are emphasized.
Implementing Preventive Chemotherapy through an Integrated National Neglected Tropical Disease Control Program in Mali
Massitan Dembélé,Sanoussi Bamani,Robert Dembélé,Mamadou O. Traoré,Seydou Goita,Mamadou Namory Traoré,Abdoul Karim Sidibe,Letitia Sam,Marjon Tuinsma,Emily Toubali,Chad MacArthur,Shawn K. Baker,Yaobi Zhang
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases , 2012, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001574
Abstract: Background Mali is endemic for all five targeted major neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). As one of the five ‘fast-track’ countries supported with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funds, Mali started to integrate the activities of existing disease-specific national control programs on these diseases in 2007. The ultimate objectives are to eliminate lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma as public health problems and to reduce morbidity caused by schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis through regular treatment to eligible populations, and the specific objectives were to achieve 80% program coverage and 100% geographical coverage yearly. The paper reports on the implementation of the integrated mass drug administration and the lessons learned. Methodology/Principal Findings The integrated control program was led by the Ministry of Health and coordinated by the national NTD Control Program. The drug packages were designed according to the disease endemicity in each district and delivered through various platforms to eligible populations involving the primary health care system. Treatment data were recorded and reported by the community drug distributors. After a pilot implementation of integrated drug delivery in three regions in 2007, the treatment for all five targeted NTDs was steadily scaled up to 100% geographical coverage by 2009, and program coverage has since been maintained at a high level: over 85% for lymphatic filariasis, over 90% for onchocerciasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, around 90% in school-age children for schistosomiasis, and 76–97% for trachoma. Around 10 million people have received one or more drug packages each year since 2009. No severe cases of adverse effects were reported. Conclusions/Significance Mali has scaled up the drug treatment to national coverage through integrated drug delivery involving the primary health care system. The successes and lessons learned in Mali can be valuable assets to other countries starting up their own integrated national NTD control programs.
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